WINMX Assorted Textfiles/Ebooks.tar/Text - Science - A Paper by Freud on Paranormal Experiances (TXT).zip/FREUD.OCC

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From: [e-mail] (Dr. Beverly Crusher)
Newsgroups: alt.paranormal
Subject: Freud's Studies of the Occult
Date: 11 Jan 1993 19:24:35 -0500
Organization: Yale University Science & Engineering, New Haven, CT 06520-2158
Message-ID: <[e-mail]>
Lines: 835

Here's the paper on Freud's delvings into the paranormal that I promised
to post.  The purpose of this paper was to show that the phenomena Freud
studied were not true paranormal occurrences, but rather incidents that
could be explained by psychoanalytic theory.  I myself am not sure whether
or not paranormal phenomena exist; I just don't think that the ones
described here fall into that category.

With that disclaimer, here it is...


*************************************************************************



    Professor Sigmund Freud was an extraordinarily
controversial figure in his day.  His followers adored him,
and hailed him as a "Columbus" of the mind.  On the
other hand, his critics, who were just as vehement, found
his views to be outlandish and sometimes referred to him
as "the most consummate of charlatans."(1)  Even
today, feelings about him run to either extreme, with little
or no middle ground.
    No doubt Freud's reputation as an eccentric was
enhanced by his delvings into the occult.  Although it
often seems difficult to believe, Freud spent a distinct
portion of his professional life investigating paranormal
phenomena.  (Ernest Jones, in his three-volume
biography, states rather scornfully that Freud's interest
in the paranormal represents proof of the fact "that highly
developed critical powers may co-exist in the same
person with an unexpected fund of credulity."(2))  Much
as more traditional psychoanalysts might like to ignore
this aspect of their mentor's career, it must be addressed
in order to obtain a complete picture of Freud's
personality.
    It is logical to wonder at this point whether Freud
truly believed in the phenomena he spent so much time
studying.  Most scholars tend to agree that Freud was
basically a skeptic, but was willing to keep an open mind
about certain aspects of the occult.  Peter Gay, author of
a comprehensive biography, asserts in his book that
Freud thought that most "supernatural" phenomena
could be explained in a more naturalistic fashion.
However, he did believe that thought transference might
be possible under certain conditions.(3)
    Ernest Jones adopted a slightly different position
on the subject of Freud's belief in the occult.  Despite his
derogatory statement concerning Freud's credulity, he
contends that equal amounts of evidence exist to either
support or deny Freud's belief in the paranormal.  He
calls Freud's attitude an "exquisite oscillation between
scepticism and credulity."(4)  Jones summarizes his
opinion by saying that for Freud, the desire to believe
was in constant battle with a bias towards disbelief, and
that the conflict was apparent in Freud's writings on the
subject.(5)
    It is not the purpose of this paper to determine the
precise extent of Freud's acceptance of paranormal
phenomena.  Such speculation is best left to the scholars
and biographers.  The intent of this essay is to
demonstrate that Freud should not have believed in the
occult, since most of the phenomena to which he ascribed
a supernatural origin can be better explained by elements
of modern psychoanalytic theory.
    Freud first became involved with the paranormal
in 1905.  He published his last paper on the subject in
1932.  During the intervening years, both he and some of
his colleagues, particularly Carl Jung and Sndor
Ferenczi, devoted a great deal of time and energy to the
study of the occult.(6)  (One of Freud's favorite quotes
during those years was, "There are more things in
heaven and earth than are dreamed of in your
philosophy."(7))  However, not one of the occurrences
they witnessed or heard about would today be taken
seriously by a respectable parapsychologist.   Instead,
these instances can be interpreted in several different
ways.  They could represent examples of the unconscious
mind acting in ways that can be predicted by Freud's
theoretical papers.  Alternatively, they could be examples
of investigators only seeing what they wish to see.
    The occult phenomena that Freud described in his
personal communications and published papers can be
divided into two broad groups: phenomena that are
associated with dreams and those that occur during
waking hours.  These categories can be further
subdivided into prophetic and telepathic occurrences.
Freud also spent some time examining superstitions,
beliefs that seemingly chance events actually have a
hidden meaning and can predict the future.(8)  While
superstitions are not strictly occult phenomena, they
deserve mention here because a belief in the supernatural
is intimately connected with them.
    Freud defined telepathy as the instantaneous
transmission of an event between the minds of two
people.  According to him, the individuals who are
"telepathically" linked must share strong emotional
ties,(9) and the event that is transmitted should be
charged with negative emotions.(10)  This definition is
different from the one employed by professional
parapsychologists.  They define telepathy as
"extrasensory awareness of another person's mental
content or state."(11)  No mention is made about the
necessity of an emotional link or the type of event that
can be transmitted.  This more closely corresponds with
Freud's definition of thought transference, a process he
considered to be closely connected to telepathy.(12)
    Freud often thought that telepathy, if it did
actually exist, might prove to be useful in the analytic
setting.  Indeed, in one of his papers on technique Freud
stated that an analyst must "turn his unconscious like a
receptive organ towards the transmitting unconscious of
the patient."(13)  Other psychoanalysts jumped on the
same bandwagon.  Helene Deutsch and Istvn Holls,
contemporaries of Freud's,(14) published papers on their
theories of the role of the occult in psychoanalysis.  Even
psychoanalysts unconnected to Freud became interested
in the subject.

    Freud never made any secret of his bias towards
a scientific explanation of mental phenomena.  He had,
after all, first been trained as a medical doctor.  He
described psychoanalysts as having fundamentally
materialistic and mechanistic attitudes, even though they
were willing to search for undetected qualities of the mind
and soul.(15)  This inclination towards rational definitions
extended to the occult.
    Freud proposed a possible physical basis for
thought transmission (which presumably could be
extended to telepathy as well) based on an analogy with
the telephone.  He postulated that the thoughts or other
mental processes that are transmitted are transformed
into physical processes such as waves or rays.(16)  Once
these waves or rays reach their target, they are
transformed back into the original mental processes.(17)
Additional evidence for Freud's belief in this physical
basis for the occult can be found in a letter of his to
Ferenczi, in which he describes his opinion of a
soothsayer whom they had both visited.  Freud thought
that she had a "physiological gift" that allowed her
access to the thoughts of others.(18)
    It is time to turn to the occult phenomena
themselves.  Superstitions should be dealt with first.  It
can be shown that, even though they seem connected
with the supernatural, they are really products of the
unconscious mind.  From there, it will be a relatively
simple matter to extrapolate from them to the other
supernatural happenings that Freud studied.
    A substantial portion of one of Freud's papers
was devoted to an examination of superstitions.  In this
paper, called "Determinism, Belief in Chance and
Superstition -- Some Points of View," Freud described
the phenomenology of superstitious beliefs.  According to
him, the average person knows very little about
psychoanalytic theory.  Because of this, the person will
be unaware of the significance of his own chance
actions.(19)  However, these chance actions will possess
unconscious motivations which will attempt to find
conscious representations.  Since the person has no other
way to express his hidden desires, he will project them
onto the external world(20) and will view external chance
events as having the ability to reveal things that would
otherwise be hidden from him.(21)
    Usually, the repressed material tends to be a
death wish against a loved one.(22)  It is common for an
individual to feel both love and hate for the same person.
The hatred, however, will be imprisoned in the
unconscious, since the person will most likely have been
brought up to deny such negative emotions.  Since
superstitions are usually associated with anticipations of
trouble, it can be seen that they are really unconscious
expectations of punishment for evil thoughts.(23)
    Interestingly, Freud compares superstitious
people with paranoiacs.  Both, he says, will fabricate a
supernatural reality in order to express unconscious
processes and relationships.  It falls to science to
recognize this fact and project it back into a psychology of
the unconscious.(24)
    As alert as Freud was to the causes of
superstitions, he fell prey to them nonetheless.  He was
particularly susceptible to number superstition, the belief
that certain numbers had a special significance.  His
telephone number in 1899 was 14362; he was convinced
that the last two digits represented the age at which he
would die.  This number served to remind Freud of his
mortality; indeed, he attributed his own superstitions to
an unconscious desire for immortality instead of the usual
repressed hostility.(25)
    The next topic to be covered is one on which
Freud concentrated a great deal: the appearance of occult
phenomena in dreams.  Freud wrote several papers
dealing with this subject.  He repeatedly maintained,
however, that supernatural phenomena are fundamentally
distinct from dreams.  The two are often grouped together
because they occur together, but the supernatural really
has no place in the theory of dreams.  The important
questions instead should be why the paranormal seems
to surface repeatedly under dream conditions(26) and
whether the phenomena involved are truly paranormal in
nature.
    Occult phenomena tend to be linked with dreams
for the additional reason that both seem very
mysterious.(27)  In one of his papers, Freud remarked that
dreams were frequently regarded as "portals to the world
of mysticism" and were seen by the uneducated as occult
phenomena in their own right.  However, as Freud would
so often repeat, both dreams and their subject matter --
occult or mundane -- could only be understood by
scientific investigation.(28)  Mysticism had no place in the
study of dreams.
    Telepathic dreams were the more common type of
"occult" dreams investigated by Freud; he very rarely
analyzed prophetic dreams.  Naturally, he was quick to
state that the only reason for mentioning the connection
between telepathy and dreams was that sleep seemed to
be conducive for the reception of telepathic
communications.  Telepathic messages, he claimed,
would not be treated any differently by the mind than any
other material used in dreams.(29)  Furthermore, telepathic
dreams should in all ways adhere strictly to the accepted
view of dreams, since telepathy in no way altered the
fundamental character of the dream.(30)
    According to Freud's theory of dreams, there are
two types of dream-contents.  There is the latent dream-
content, which consists of the actual psychical material
behind the dream, and there is the manifest dream-
content, which is the material actually remembered by the
dreamer.(31)  A process called the dream-work serves to
transform the latent into the manifest.(32)
    Freud postulated that a telepathic message would
serve as the latent dream-content.  The message would
be distorted during the dreaming process, and hence the
dream would not exactly reflect the nature of the
communication.  As a result, only analysis of a telepathic
dream would enable it to be distinguished from a
nontelepathic one.  Freud hoped that psychoanalysis
would be equally successful at uncovering other types of
occult phenomena.(33)
    At this point, it is necessary to point out a flaw in
Freud's explanation of telepathic phenomena.  If so-
called telepathic messages are modified and distorted by
the dream work, then how is it possible to prove that
they are indeed telepathic?  Might they just be other
unconscious images altered beyond immediate
recognition so that they appear to be telepathic in nature?
If this is the case, then analysis should enable alternative
interpretations of the dreams to be made that do not
involve the supernatural.
    As will be subsequently proved, that is exactly
what analysis does.  An excellent example of a
"telepathic" dream that was stripped of its paranormal
nature can be found in Freud's paper "Dreams and
Telepathy," which was published in 1922.(34)  This dream
was reported to Freud via correspondence; Freud was
unable to interview the dreamer, whom he did not know
personally.(35)
    The dreamer was a mature widower who had
remarried.  His daughter from his first marriage was
pregnant at the time of the dream, but was not expecting
the baby for another month.  In his dream, the man vividly
saw his second wife and the twins she had just given
birth to.  The man gave a very detailed description of the
newborn babies, down to the color of their hair, and
stated that one was a boy and the other a girl.  Two days
later, the man received a telegram stating that his
daughter had given birth to different-sex twins at the
approximate time of the dream.(36)
    The dreamer proceeded to offer more information
about himself and his family situation.  He stated that he
and his daughter were very close, and that they had
frequently corresponded during the pregnancy.  The
dreamer therefore felt certain that she would have
thought about him during the delivery.  In addition, both
the dreamer and his first wife were very fond of
children.(37)  Finally, the man considered his second wife
unfit to raise children.(38)
    To give Freud credit, he immediately
acknowledged the possibility that the dream might have a
non-paranormal explanation.  He stated that the dream
could presumably be a manifestation of a repressed
desire on the part of the father to violate the incest taboo
and have his daughter bear his children.  Freud claimed
that the appearance of the man's second wife as the
mother of the twins represented nothing more than a
wish that the daughter could be his second wife.(39)
    Furthermore, instead of the dream being a
telepathic message of the birth, it might have been an
unconscious expression of the man's belief that his
daughter had miscalculated the length of her pregnancy
by one month.  Therefore, instead of the babies being due
a month from then, they would really be due at the time of
the dream.  The appearance of twins instead of a single
child could be explained by a wistful notion on the part of
the man that if his first wife were still alive she would
love to have more than one grandchild.(40)
    Therefore, this "telepathic" dream has been
shown to be a wish-fulfillment fantasy on the part of the
dreamer.(41)  However, despite this interpretation, Freud
still insists that the existence of telepathy has not been
disproved.  In "Dreams and the Occult," he states that
the possibility of telepathy could only be dismissed if all
the circumstances of the case were thoroughly examined,
something he could not do because of his lack of personal
contact with the dreamer.(42)  These are the words of a
man who does not want to admit that the "desire to
believe" has been made futile by the necessity of
disbelief.
    The second type of "occult" dream that Freud
analyzed is the prophetic dream.  He only analyzed one of
these, and he had absolutely no qualms about stripping it
of its supernatural character.  Instead, Freud offered a
perfectly rational psychoanalytic interpretation that
attributed this kind of dream to activity of the censor
between the unconscious and the conscious.(43)
    The dream, described in "A Premonitory Dream
Fulfilled," was related to Freud several years after its
occurrence.  The dreamer, a woman whom Freud called
Frau B., stated that one night she had dreamed that she
met a certain Dr. K. at a particular spot on Vienna's main
street.  Dr. K was a friend and had at one time been her
physician.  The next day, Frau B. actually met Dr. K. at
that spot.(44)
    At first glance, this dream would indeed appear to
be premonitory, since it predicted an event which later
came to pass.  However, Frau B. had not written down
the dream immediately after she had woken up.  Indeed,
there was no evidence of her having even remembered
the dream before the meeting.(45)  This fact proved to be
crucial to Freud's explanation of the situation.
    Freud also learned from Frau B. that she had been
married twice.  The first time, many years before, had
been to an elderly rich gentleman.  Several years after the
marriage, the man lost his money, became ill with
tuberculosis, and eventually died.  To support them, Frau
B. began to give music lessons.  Dr. K. was extremely
supportive, and helped her find students.(46)
    The family barrister, also called Dr. K., managed
the financial affairs of Herr B. during this period.  At the
same time, he managed a different type of affair with Frau
B.  However, Frau B.'s scruples prevented her from
obtaining any real happiness from this relationship.(47)
    Even though the love affair was not a complete
success, the barrister continued to offer help and support
to Frau B.  She remembered one instance when she was
sobbing wildly and wishing for Dr. K's presence.  At the
exact moment of her wish, in he walked.  (Freud did not
even consider this to be prophetic, since she probably
thought of him a great deal and he probably visited her
quite often.)(48)
    The dream occurred more than twenty-five years
after these events, during which time Frau B. remarried
and was widowed again.  This time, however, she had
been left with money and a child.  Dr. K. the barrister was
still involved in administering her affairs, although they
were no longer intimate.(49)
    Based on all this information, Freud proposed the
following interpretation of the dream.  Frau B. had been
expecting a visit from Dr. K., but for some reason he did
not come.  As a result, she nostalgically dreamed of the
day when he visited at the exact moment she had wanted
him to.  However, that period in her life had generally
been an unhappy one, and thinking about the bygone
romance made her uncomfortable.  As a result, the dream
was repressed and she did not remember it when she
awoke in the morning.(50)
    Later on that day, she went for a walk and met the
physician Dr. K.  At that point a distorted derivative of
the dream was able to gain access to Frau B.'s conscious
mind.  (Freud's theory of repression states that
derivatives of a repressed idea that are far removed from
the actual idea will be able to enter consciousness.)(51)
The neutral figure of the physician was substituted for the
emotionally charged figure of the barrister.  Since both
figures were named Dr. K., Frau B. believed that she had
dreamt the actual rendezvous.(52)
    According to Freud's interpretation, Frau B.
created a dream in response to an actual event.(53)  This
phenomenon is similar to a screen memory, a psychical
construct which plays an important role in childhood
development.  Screen memories can be defined as
memories of one's earliest years that are actually formed
during later periods of emotional arousal.(54)  They are not
entirely fabrications, since they are based on actual
memory-traces(55), but they owe their greatest value to
the fact that they represent repressed material in the
unconscious.(56)  Even though Frau B.'s dream was not in
any way involved with childhood events or memories, it
still suggests the formation of some sort of screen
construction.
    Besides examining dream-related occult
phenomena, Freud also studied those that appeared in
the conscious life of a person.  He conducted several
experiments of his own; he attempted thought
transference with Ferenczi and his daughter Anna(57) and
on one occasion observed Jung as he supposedly made
objects rattle of their own accord.(58)  However, these
experiments were generally inconclusive.  Of more use is
Freud's analysis of some of the spontaneous experiences
recalled by himself or by his patients and friends.
    Freud describes many such occurrences.  He
particularly liked to examine prophecies of fortune-tellers
that did not come true.  He claimed that the significance
of these prophecies did not lie in predicting the future,(59)
but rather in supporting the existence of telepathy.(60)
    One such failed prophecy was reported by a 43
year-old female patient of Freud's.  At the time of her
analysis she was childless, yet she desperately wanted
to bear children.(61)  (Freud claimed that she reason she
wanted to bear children was so that her husband could
replace her father, a man whose child she had
unconsciously wanted her entire life.)  The reason why
the patient could not have children was that her husband
had been sterilized by an earlier illness.(62)
    Many years before coming to Freud, when the
woman had been 27 years old, she had consulted a
fortuneteller in the lobby of a Paris hotel.  She was very
young-looking and had removed her wedding ring.  The
fortuneteller, Monsieur le Professeur, prophesied that
she would get married and have two children by age
thirty-two.  The prophecy was never fulfilled, yet the
woman expressed no hostility towards Monsieur le
Professeur in her sessions with Freud.  Rather, she
recalled the entire experience with a certain amount of
pleasure.(63)
    Freud, upon questioning his patient, learned that
her mother's life had proceeded along a path remarkably
similar to that predicted by the fortune-teller.  She had
married late (she was over thirty at the time of her
wedding), but had managed to have two children by the
time of her thirty-second birthday.  Therefore, if the
fortune-teller's words were true, the patient would be in
the same position as her mother.  To the patient, this
identification with her mother would be tantamount to
taking her mother's place with her father.  The patient
could not help but feel pleasure at recollecting the
fortune-teller's prediction of the fulfillment of her fondest
wish.(64)
    Freud was naturally curious as to how Monsieur
le Professeur had come up with those particular numbers.
One theory he proposed was that his patient had
transferred her strong unconscious desire to the fortune-
teller.  He believed that  emotionally charged thoughts
could be transferred quite easily, especially if they were
at the border between the conscious and the
unconscious.(65)
    However, Freud also suggested that the patient
herself may have inserted the numbers into the prophecy.
After all, she was relating an incident that had occurred
many years prior to her analysis; Freud believed it quite
possible that she could have unconsciously falsified the
memory.(66)  This explanation seems much more plausible,
especially since it seems to signify the creation of a type
of screen memory, the existence of which had already
been successfully demonstrated in Freud's publications.
    A personal recollection of Freud's, reported in his
paper on determinism and chance, represents another
seemingly paranormal phenomenon that was really
caused by the workings of the unconscious.  On the
surface, the experience seemed prophetic in nature.
Freud recalled taking a walk one night soon after he had
received the title of professor.  Suddenly he experienced a
vengeful fantasy against a couple who had refused to let
him treat their daughter.  He imagined them returning to
him after other treatments had failed and begging him to
cure the little girl.  He pictured himself saying in response
that his professional abilities were the same as they
were when he was but a lecturer.  If they wouldn't avail
themselves of his services then, they weren't going to
receive them now.(67)
    At that moment, his reverie was disrupted by a
loud voice saying, "Good day to you, Professor!"  Freud
looked up to see the couple of whom he had just been
thinking.  Had he really predicted the future in his
thoughts?  Probably not; there is a simpler explanation of
the event.(68)
    Freud had been walking down a straight, deserted
street.  It is probable that he had looked up and seen the
couple in the distance.  Due to the hostility he felt
towards them he suppressed the perception and instead
took refuge in a seemingly spontaneous fantasy.(69)  So
much for Freud's prophetic powers.
    All the preceding examples of supposedly occult
phenomena were proven to be natural occurrences
instead.  There presumably exist mundane explanations
for most of the other so-called supernatural happenings
that are constantly being reported.  The question to
consider now is why people persist in believing in the
occult.
    According to Dr. George Devereux, telepathy is
connected to infantile omnipotence fantasies.(70)  So
perhaps, as Helene Deutsch suggests, man's belief in his
own occult powers is a way of elevating himself to the
level of the "Divinity which he fashioned in his own
likeness."(71)  Or maybe belief in the paranormal is a type
of narcissism; Freud based his studies of narcissism on
children and primitive people, both of whom tend to
believe in magic and the "omnipotence of thoughts."(72)
    However, I think the best explanation of why
people believe in the occult was offered by Freud himself
in "Psychoanalysis and Telepathy."  He stated that this
type of belief was an attempt to regain by supernatural
means "the lost appeal of life on this earth."(73)  This puts
me in mind of  "Miniver Cheevy", E. A. Robinson's poem
about a man who found no appeal in his life because he
was born at the wrong time.

"Miniver Cheevy, born too late,
Scratched his head and kept on thinking;
Miniver coughed, and called it fate,
And kept on drinking."(74)

    Perhaps those who too fanatically believe in the occult were also
Rborn too late.S

References

    (1) Gay, Peter.  Freud: A Life for Our Time.  New
York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1988, p. xvi.

    (2) Jones, Ernest.  The Life and Work of Sigmund
Freud (vol. 3), New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1957, p.
375.

    (3) Gay, pp. 444-5.

    (4) Jones, p. 375.

    (5) Jones, p. 406.

    (6) Jones, pp. 382-383, 405.

    (7) Jones, p. 381.

    (8) Freud, Sigmund.  "Determinism, Belief in Chance
and Superstition -- Some Points of View."  The
Psychopathology of Everyday Life.  New York: W.W.
Norton and Company, Inc., 1965, p. 257.

    (9) Freud, Sigmund.  "Dreams and the Occult."
Psychoanalysis and the Occult, George Devereux, ed.
New York: International Universities Press, Inc., 1953, p.
95.

    (10) Jones, p. 381.

    (11) Handbook of Parapsychology, Benjamin B.
Wolman, ed.  New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold
Company, 1977, p. 935.

    (12) Freud, Sigmund.  "Dreams and the Occult," pp.
97-8.  (in Devereux, Psychoanalysis and the Occult.)

    (13) Freud, Sigmund.  "Recommendations to
Physicians Practicing Psycho-Analysis."   The Freud
Reader, Peter Gay, ed.  New York: W.W. Norton and
Company, Inc., 1989, p. 360.

    (14) Gay, p. 537.

    (15) Freud, Sigmund.  "Psychoanalysis and
Telepathy."  Psychoanalysis and the Occult, George
Devereux, ed.  New York: International Universities
Press, Inc., 1953, p. 58.

    (16) Jones, p. 381.

    (17) Freud, Sigmund.  "Dreams and the Occult," p.
108.  (in Devereux, Psychoanalysis and the Occult.)

    (18) Jones, pp. 384-5.

    (19) Freud, Sigmund.  "Determinism and
Superstition,"  pp. 257-8.  (in The Psychopathology of
Everyday Life.)

    (20) Jones, p. 378.

    (21) Freud, Sigmund.  "Determinism and
Superstition,"  p. 258.  (in The Psychopathology of
Everyday Life.)

    (22) Jones, p. 378.

    (23) Freud, Sigmund.  "Determinism and
Superstition,"  p. 260.  (in The Psychopathology of
Everyday Life.)

    (24) Ibid., pp. 258-9.

    (25) Gay, p. 58.

    (26) Freud, Sigmund.  "The Occult Significance of
Dreams."  Psychoanalysis and the Occult, George
Devereux, ed.  New York: International Universities
Press, Inc., 1953, p. 87.

    (27) Ibid., p. 87.

    (28) Freud, Sigmund.  "Dreams and the Occult," p.
91.  (in Devereux, Psychoanalysis and the Occult.)

    (29) Ibid., p. 96.

    (30) Ibid., p. 95.

    (31) Freud, Sigmund.  "On Dreams."  The Freud
Reader, Peter Gay, ed.  New York: W.W. Norton and
Company, Inc., 1989, p. 148.

    (32) Freud, Sigmund.  "The Dream-Work."
Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis.  New York:
W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1966, p. 170.

    (33) Freud, Sigmund.  "Dreams and the Occult," p.
97.  (in Devereux, Psychoanalysis and the Occult.)

    (34) The Freud Reader, p. xliii.

    (35) Freud, Sigmund.  "Dreams and Telepathy," p.
71.  (in Devereux, Psychoanalysis and the Occult.)

    (36) Ibid., pp. 71-2.

    (37) Ibid., pp. 72-3.

    (38) Freud, Sigmund.  "Dreams and the Occult," p.
96.  (in Devereux, Psychoanalysis and the Occult.)

    (39) Freud, Sigmund.  "Dreams and Telepathy," pp.
75-6.  (in Devereux, Psychoanalysis and the Occult.)

    (40) Ibid., p. 76.

    (41) Ibid., p. 76.

    (42) Freud, Sigmund.   "Dreams and the Occult," p.
97.  (in Devereux, Psychoanalysis and the Occult.)

    (43) Freud, Sigmund.  "A Premonitory Dream
Fulfilled."  Psychoanalysis and the Occult, George
Devereux, ed.  New York: International Universities
Press, Inc., 1953, p. 51.

    (44) Ibid., p. 49.

    (45) Ibid., p. 49.

    (46) Ibid., pp. 49-50.

    (47) Ibid., p. 50.

    (48) Ibid., p. 50.

    (49) Ibid., p. 50.

    (50) Ibid., p. 50.

    (51) Freud, Sigmund.  "Repression."  The Freud
Reader, Peter Gay, ed.  New York: W.W. Norton and
Company, Inc., 1989, p. 571.

    (52) Freud, Sigmund.  "A Premonitory Dream
Fulfilled," pp. 50-1.  (in Devereux, Psychoanalysis and
the Occult.)

    (53) Ibid., p. 51.

    (54) Freud, Sigmund.  "Screen Memories."  The
Freud Reader, Peter Gay, ed.  New York: W.W. Norton
and Company, Inc., 1989, p. 126.

    (55) Ibid., pp. 124-5.

    (56) Ibid., p. 126.

    (57) Jones, p. 395.

    (58) Jones, pp. 383-4.

    (59) Freud, Sigmund.  "Psychoanalysis and
Telepathy," p. 59.  (in Devereux, Psychoanalysis and the
Occult.)

    (60) Freud, Sigmund.  "The Occult Significance of
Dreams," p. 88.  (in Devereux, Psychoanalysis and the
Occult.)

    (61) Freud, Sigmund.  "Dreams and the Occult," pp.
98-99.   (in Devereux, Psychoanalysis and the Occult.)

    (62) Freud, Sigmund.  "Psychoanalysis and
Telepathy," pp. 61-62.   (in Devereux, Psychoanalysis
and the Occult.)

    (63) Freud, Sigmund.  "Dreams and the Occult," pp.
98-99.  (in Devereux, Psychoanalysis and the Occult.)

    (64) Ibid., p. 99.

    (65) Freud, Sigmund.  "The Occult Significance of
Dreams," p. 89.  (in Devereux, Psychoanalysis and the
Occult.)

    (66) Freud, Sigmund.  "Psychoanalysis and
Telepathy," p. 65.  (in Devereux, Psychoanalysis and the
Occult.)

    (67) Freud, Sigmund.   "Determinism and
Superstition,"  pp. 263-4.  (in The Psychopathology of
Everyday Life.)

    (68) Ibid., p. 264.

    (69) Ibid., p. 264.

    (70) Devereux, George.  "A Summary of Istvn
Holls' Theories."  Psychoanalysis and the Occult,
George Devereux, ed.  New York: International
Universities Press, Inc., 1953, p. 199.

    (71) Deutsch, Helene.  "Occult Processes Occurring
During Psychoanalysis."  Psychoanalysis and the Occult,
George Devereux, ed.  New York: International
Universities Press, Inc., 1953, p. 133.

    (72) Freud, Sigmund.  "On Narcissism: An
Introduction."  The Freud Reader, Peter Gay, ed.  New
York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1989, p. 547.

    (73) Freud, Sigmund.  "Psychoanalysis and
Telepathy," p. 57.  (in Devereux, Psychoanalysis and the
Occult.)

    (74) Collected Poems of Edwin Arlington Robinson.
New York: The Macmillan Company, 1954, p. 348.

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(c) 1993 Rebecca Drayer
--
Rebecca A. Drayer, EMT-A            |    [e-mail]
Neurobiology major                  |    Computing Assistant
                                    |    Silliman College, Yale University